GitHub Actions Best Practices
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Contents
- 1 Contents
- 2 Glossary
- 3 Style
- 4 Help
- 5 Error Checking
- 6 Matrix
- 7 Security
- 8 Organization
- 9 Testing
- 10 Other advice
Glossary
Workflow: A collection of jobs defined in a
.yml
file, with associated triggers (on:
).Job: A named set of steps, run in a certain environment (
runs-on:
).Step: A task within a job.
Style
General
2-space indents. Use
.editorconfig
fromedx-lint
.The file extension should be
.yml
, not.yaml
.Use YAML dash-syntax for lists, even for one-item lists. This makes it easier to add/remove items without adjusting other lines.
Workflows
Give every workflow a name. Use title casing:
Nightly Unit Tests
. Keep the name short, 4-5 words or less. Any longer, and GitHub will truncate them in the UI like the PR check interface.Name the workflow file the same as the workflow name, except lower case with dashes:
nightly-unit-tests.yml
Jobs
Use snake_case for the job’s ID. For example
python_38_unit_tests:
Give every job a name. Use sentence casing:
Python 3.8 unit tests
. Keep the name short, 4-5 words or lessLeave a blank line between jobs.
Steps
Give every step a name. Use sentence casing:
Build and upload the results report
. These can be longer than 5 words.Leave a blank line between steps.
Commands
Always use YAML multi-line strings for shell commands, to simplify quoting:
Instead of this:
# BAD! This won't parse! run: bash -c "./do.py --extra \"{'offset': '2023-06-14T04:20:00'}\""
Use this:
run: | bash -c "./do.py --extra \"{'offset': '2023-06-14T04:20:00'}\""
Example
name: "Nightly Unit Tests"
on:
push:
branches:
- "**/*nightly*"
schedule:
# Run at 2:22am early every morning Eastern time (6/7:22 UTC)
# https://crontab.guru/#22_7_%2a_%2a_%2a
- cron: "22 7 * * *"
workflow_dispatch:
defaults:
run:
shell: bash
permissions:
contents: read
concurrency:
group: "${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}"
cancel-in-progress: true
jobs:
tests:
name: "Python ${{ matrix.python-version }} tests"
runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
strategy:
matrix:
python-version:
- "3.8"
- "3.11"
steps:
- name: "Check out the repo"
uses: "actions/checkout@v3"
- name: "Set up Python"
uses: "actions/setup-python@v4"
with:
python-version: "${{ matrix.python-version }}"
- name: "Do the thing"
run: |
python -m tox -- -rfsEX
Help
For schedule/cron triggers, include a link to
crontab.guru
: Crontab.guru - The cron schedule expression generator.Use comments to explain tricky parts of the workflow.
Error Checking
You can enable stricter Bash error handling by setting the default “shell” to “bash” at the top of every workflow, like so:
Note that bash
is already the default interpreter for any shell code you put in your workflows, but explicitly setting “bash” in your workflow enables some extra-strict bash behavior. Notably, it enables the “pipefail” option, which means that if you write a | b
, an error in a
will result the entire command failing (by default, errors in a
are silenced; only errors in b
are raised). You can read more about the nuances here.
tl;dr: When in doubt, put this a the top of your script. It will make it less likely for errors to pass silently.
Matrix
Always use a matrix for versions like Python/Django, even if there’s only one. This makes it easier to understand and adjust the versions.
Dynamic Matrix
To dynamically set matrix values in a maintainable way, you can utilize GitHub - actions/github-script: Write workflows scripting the GitHub API in JavaScript
Security
Use GitHub repo or organization secrets for credentials.
Be careful to avoid script injection attacks: Security hardening for GitHub Actions - GitHub Docs
References to other GitHub actions use tags like
@v3
. This is not a specific reference and will change if the author of the action updates it. This might not be what you want. You can use a full SHA reference instead to be certain of the version you are getting.Actions and workflows can have a
permissions
clause that limits the actions permissible with the implicit GitHub token: Controlling permissions for GITHUB_TOKEN - GitHub Docs
Organization
Workflows (.yml
files) can contain one job or many. Here are some general guidelines on when to organize jobs into one workflow versus splitting them up:
When jobs are triggered by different scenarios (for example, pull request vs. scheduled), split them into separate workflows.
When one job depends on the status or output of other jobs, you may need to combine them into a single workflow.
When jobs share a related purpose (for example, code quality checks), consider grouping them into a single workflow.
When using a matrix and required checks, it can simplify configuration to collect the matrix steps into a final success step, then require just the success step. An example of applying this pattern is in https://github.com/openedx/edx-platform/pull/31024.
If many repos across Open edX will be using the same workflow, consider making a reusable workflow—even if all your workflow does is call a non-openedx reusable workflow! This will allow coordinated upgrades.
Get your workflow working, then make a PR against openedx/.github but use the
workflow_call
trigger andinputs
.In the new workflow, be sure to pin any workflows it depends on to commits (ideally) or tags.
In your repo, depend on the
master
version of the new reusable workflow. This provides a central point of indirection that allows automatically upgrading all dependent repos to newer versions of actions.
Testing
https://github.com/nektos/act allows you to run and test your actions locally (with some limitations)
If you’re making a new GitHub workflow that needs to be manually runnable (
on: workflow_dispatch
), GitHub won’t offer to run it until it has been run at least once. You can get out of this Catch-22 by temporarily addingpush
as one of the triggers, then pushing that to your branch. Now GitHub knows about it, and you can removepush
and then use the GH CLI to invoke the version that's on your branch:gh workflow run my-new-workflow.yml --ref my-working-branch -f param1=value1 -f param2=value2
Other advice
Include an
on: workflow_dispatch
trigger. Why wouldn’t you want to be able to manually start an action if needed?If you have many required checks, it can be more convenient and less error-prone to aggregate them into a “success” step, and just require the success step. See edx-platform’s unit-tests.yml action for how it works: edx-platform/.github/workflows/unit-tests.yml at f4566cdc7a89b788f8981c637c57c0453e857a3c · openedx/edx-platform
Actions now (Jan 2023) can have configuration variables: GitHub Actions – Support for configuration variables in workflows · GitHub Changelog. Previously, this was done with secrets, but it’s not good to store non-secret information in secrets.
Jobs can auto-cancel when changes are pushed to the same branch. Use the
concurrency
clause to control what jobs get canceled when a new job begins: Control the concurrency of workflows and jobs - GitHub Docs.Review existing actions and model workflows to understand what’s possible and avoid reinventing existing well-supported code. One good resource for this is GitHub - sdras/awesome-actions: A curated list of awesome actions to use on GitHub .
TODO:
How to link to the 2U details
Can we use yamllint documentation — yamllint 1.35.1 documentation to check some of this?